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Reasonable Accommodation Process; RiggsDOCSOPEN\FA105\190\743653.v1-8/24/21 Kennedy Fifth Street Towers 150 South Fifth Street, Suite 700 Minneapolis MN 55402-1299 (612) 337-9300 telephone (612) 337-9310 fax http://www.kennedy-graven.com Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity Employer Graven C H A R T E R E D SCOTT J. RIGGS Attorney at Law Direct Dial (612) 337-9260 email: sriggs@kennedy-graven.com MEMORANDUM DATE: September 9, 2021 TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council Members FROM: Scott J. Riggs, City Attorney Andrew M. Biggerstaff, Assistant City Attorney RE: Reasonable Accommodation Process Our File: HP145-78 ________________________________________________________________________ This memorandum provides a general overview of the applicability of the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Fair Housing Act/Fair Housing Amendments Act (FHA) to reasonable accommodation requests. It is not intended to address or evaluate any specific situation. I. The ADA generally The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. 42 U.S.C. § 12101. The relevant portion of the ADA prohibits discrimination by public entities, this includes local governments. 42 U.S.C. § 12131. The ADA states that “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subject to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. This means that a local government cannot discriminate against an individual with disability in any rule, regulations, programs, or any other conduct by the local government. In regard to housing situations, when enacting the ADA., Congress found that “[h]istorically, society has tended to isolate and segregate individuals with disabilities, and . . . such forms of discrimination . . . continue to be a serious and pervasive social problem.” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(2). Congress recognized that “[i]ndividuals with disabilities continually encounter various forms of discrimination, including . . . segregation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(5). To further the goal of eliminating discrimination against the disabled, Congress stated that “the Nation’s proper goals regarding individuals with disabilities are to assure equality of opportunity, Offices in Minneapolis Saint Paul St. Cloud & Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 2 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for such individuals[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(7). In response to its mandate, the United States Department of Justice stated that “[i]ntegration is fundamental to the purposes of the [ADA].” 28 C.F.R. Part 333 35, App. A. § 35.130. This integration mandate is contained in 28 C.F.R. § 35.130, entitled “[g]eneral prohibitions against discrimination.” Under the ADA, individuals with disabilities are not entitled to preferential treatment and only equal treatment and access. 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213. When determining who is covered by the Act, disability under the ADA is defined as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 12102(1). Individual with a disability does not include an individual who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs, when the covered entity acts on the basis of such use. 42 U.S.C.A. § 12210. Congress amended the ADA in 2008, stating that the term “disability” was to “be construed in favor of broad coverage of individuals under this Act, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this Act.” Pub. L. No. 110–325 § 2(b)(1), 122 Stat. 3553–3554 (2008) (ADA Amendments). Under post- 2008 law, the ADA provides that a qualifying disability is any “physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A); 28 C.F.R. § 35.108(a)(1)(i). II. The FHA generally Similar to the ADA, the FHA states that no entity is allowed “[t]o discriminate in the sale or rental, or to otherwise make unavailable or deny, a dwelling to any buyer or renter because of a handicap”.1 42 U.S.C.A. § 3604. Courts have “a clear pronouncement of a national commitment to end the unnecessary exclusion of persons with handicaps from the American mainstream.” Hovsons, Inc. v. Twp. of Brick, 89 F.3d 1096, 1105 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting Helen L. v. DiDario, 46 F.3d 325, 333 n. 14 (3rd Cir. 1995). The FHA is to be broadly construed to effectuate the goal of eradicating housing discrimination. Id. at 1106. The FHA applies to most entities involved in renting, building, selling, lending, or regulating housing, including local governments. 42 U.S.C. § 3604 (5-8). The Act has a fairly extensive definition of “disability,” which has adopted the range of items generally used in other civil rights matters. The FHA defines a person with a disability as one who has a “physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person's major life activities,” “a record of such impairment,” or who is 1 While the Act uses the term “handicap,” modern sources have substituted the term “disability” which carries an identical legal meaning. Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 3 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 considered to have “such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h)(1)-(3). This is very similar to the definition of disability in the ADA. It is currently unclear if alcoholism is always a disability under the FHA. Compare One Love Housing v. City of Anoka, No. CV 19-1252 (JRT/DTS), 2021 WL 3774567, at *8 (D. Minn. Aug. 25, 2021) and City of Cambridge v. One Love Housing, LLC, No. A20-1313, 2021 WL 2645519, (Minn. Ct. App. June 28, 2021). Because of the similarities between the ADA and FHA, Courts have determined that they can be analyzed in tandem. Hinneberg v. Big Stone Cty. Hous. & Redevelopment Auth., 706 N.W.2d 220, 225 (Minn. 2005). III. Application to municipalities The ADA/FHA apply broadly to municipalities including with the direct rental of dwellings2, municipal zoning codes3, municipal building codes4, the provision of housing5 and the funding of housing.6 Congress intended the FHA to “apply to state or local land- use . . . laws, regulations, practices or decisions which discriminate against individuals with handicaps.” H.R. Rep. No. 711, 100th Cong. 2d Sess. 18, reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2173, 2185. The House Report states that the law “is intended to prohibit the application of special requirements through land-use regulations . . . that have the effect of limiting the ability of such individuals to live in the residence of their choice in the community.” Id. There are two primary ways that a municipality can run into issues under the FHA/ADA with regards to communal living facilities. First, the municipality could pass a facially discriminatory law. 42 U.S.C. § 3604; 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Facially discriminatory laws are laws that treat individuals with disabilities different than the rest of the population or are seen as discriminatory. Id. Historically, Courts have upheld laws that limit the number of individuals in a properly so long as apply equall y to everyone disabled and not disabled. 2 Evans v. UDR, Inc., 644 F. Supp. 2d 675, 678 (E.D.N.C. 2009)(upholding the denial of a reasonable accommodation of a prospective renter when the requested accommodation was not necessary to provide an equal opportunity). 3 Essling's Homes Plus, a Minn. Corp. v. City of St. Paul, a Minn. Corp., 356 F. Supp. 2d 971, 977 (D. Minn. 2004) (stating that an accommodation to add a second kitchen was reasonable given the disability at issue) 4 Summers v. City of Fitchburg, 940 F.3d 133, 137 (1st Cir. 2019) (stating that a reasonable accommodation can apply to building codes but upholding the denial in this case when it was the request was at odds with the city’s sprinkler system safety requirements). 5 Hinneberg, 706 N.W.2d at 225 (affirming the denial of a reasonable accommodation to make Section 8 vouchers portable between counties because it was a fundamental alteration of the program) 6 HUD Notice PIH 2006–13(HA) at 4 (Mar. 8, 2006) (stating that there may be situations when a person with disabilities may need to have a reasonable accommodation of a higher government rent subsidy). Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 4 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 Oxford House-C v. City of St. Louis, 77 F.3d 249 (8th Cir. 1996). The second way that a municipality could run into ADA/FHA issues is by passing a facially neutral law, but then refusing to provide individuals with disabilities a reasonable accommodation. IV. Why a municipality should create a reasonable accommodation process A reasonable accommodation is a modification or alteration of an existing policy or procedure on the basis that the existing policy prevents a disabled individual the equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling. 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B). T he ADA/FHA require that a municipality grant a reasonable accommodation when the accommodation meets the requirements under the ADA/FHA; refusal to do so constitutes prohibited discrimination. Essling’s, 356 F.Supp.2d at 979; Citizens for a Balanced City v. Plymouth Congregational Church, 672 N.W.2d 13, 20 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003) (“failure to provide a necessary, reasonable accommodation is unlawful discrimination”). Municipalities should create reasonable accommodation processes so that they can have a legally defensible position if they deny the request. There are two primary reasons why municipalities need reasonable accommodation processes. First, municipalities may be required to provide reasonable accommodations in a variety of situations including, but not limited to, the application process for a government program or building codes. Compare Hinneberg, 706 N.W.2d at 225 and Essling's Homes Plus, 356 F. Supp. 2d at 977. There is typically no other municipal application or procedure that can apply to such a wide variety of situations. Second, the criteria for granting a reasonable accommodation are different from exceptions typically made by municipalities. A reasonable accommodation request denial is reviewed to determine whether the request was reasonable and necessary. Essling's Homes Plus, 356 F. Supp. 2d at 977. In comparison, a variance denial is examined to determine if the denial was arbitrary or capricious. VanLandschoot v. City of Mendota Heights, 336 N.W.2d 503, 510 (Minn.,1983). The different standards applied means that there must be difference processes and considerations when considering a request. V. Courts approach to reasonable accommodation litigation The denial or modification of a reasonable accommodation request by a municipality is a decision that may be reviewed by a court. To prevail on an ADA/FHA claim of discrimination by claiming that a municipality refused to provide a reasonable accommodation, a group living operator must demonstrate that the accommodation requested is reasonable and necessary to afford a disabled person the equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling. 42 U.S.C. §3604(f)(3)(B)). There are three requirements that an entity must fulfill to be entitled to a reasonable accommodation: (1) making a reasonable Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 5 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 accommodation request, (2) that is meets the reasonable accommodation standard and (3) that is not unreasonable. First, the organization requesting a reasonable accommodation must make a request to the municipality. Oxford House-C 77 F.3d at 249. The request must be clearly directed at the municipality and must ask for an accommodation or modification of a preexisting policy. Id. Second, the request must be (a) linked to a disability related need (b) necessary to afford the plaintiff with an equal opportunity and (c) reasonable. Hinneberg 706 N.W. 2d at 226; Huberty v. Washington Cty. Hous. & Redevelopment Auth., 374 F. Supp. 2d 768, 773 (D. Minn. 2005). A Minnesota District Court recently confirmed this standard. City of Cambridge v. One Love, No. 30-CV-18-778 (Minn. Dist. Ct. Sept. 21, 2020)(decision upheld on appeal on other grounds in City of Cambridge, 2021 WL at 1). Not all reasonable accommodation requests must be granted. For example, while it may be reasonable for a sober home operator to request an exemption from a zoning code definition of family, it is not reasonable to request an exemption from the maximum number of individuals who can safely live in a space. 42 U.S.C. § 3607(b)(1); City of Edmonds v. Oxford House, Inc., 514 U.S. 725, 733, 115 S. Ct. 1776, 1781, 131 L. Ed. 2d 801 (1995). Finally, if an entity can meet the reasonable accommodation standard, then the burden shifts back to the municipality to prove that the request was unreasonable. Huberty, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 773. When considering whether a request is unreasonable, courts look at whether there is a financial or administrative burden upon the municipality or fundamentally alter its zoning scheme. One Love Housing, 2021 WL at *12. Currently, reasonable accommodations are a highly litigated issue in Minnesota, particularly as they relate to sober homes; there are three active litigation cases that all address a municipalities denial of a sober home’s reasonable accommodation request: One Love Housing, 2021 WL at *8 (summary judgment decided in favor of the operator with potential appeal pending); City of Cambridge, 2021 WL at *8 (summary judgement decided in favor of the City, petition to the Minnesota Supreme Court pending); Meraki v. City of Coon Rapids, No. 20-CV-00203 (PJS/KMM) (pending cross motions for summary judgment). VI. How to create a reasonable accommodation process It is recommended that when creating a reasonable accommodation process, that the municipality incorporate the factors considered in the Hinneberg case. 706 N.W. 2d at 226. Using these factors, other municipalities have added the following relevant factors to their reasonable accommodation code provision: Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 6 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 (a) Whether there is a qualifying disability; (b) Whether the request is needed to allow a disabled person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling or to live in a particular neighborhood as a person without disabilities; (c) Whether the request is reasonable considering the potential impact on surrounding uses, the extent to which the accommodation meets the stated need, and other alternatives that may meet that need; (d) The number, nature and extent of the requested accommodation in relation to the physical limitations of the building and site; (e) Whether the request would constitute a fundamental alteration of the City's regulations, policies, or procedures; (f) Whether the request would impose an undue financial or administrative burden on the City; and (g) Any other factor that may have a bearing on the request. The recommended process is to have City staff, not the City Council, decide in the first instance whether a reasonable accommodation should be granted. A municipality should then provide an appeal process to the City Council. A process that begins with City staff making the initial decision may prevent a future Plaintiff from deposing every City Council member. City of Cambridge 2021 WL at *9 (not permitting the deposition of the City Council when a City staff member made the initial determination). At all stages, the municipality should focus on the FHA reasonable accommodation factors. Unlike other land use decisions, Courts do not review reasonable accommodation requests on the land use record, so it is important that a municipality ask all potential questions during the application period. One Love Housing, 2021 WL at *8. Extensive applications are recommended and a list of potential questions are provided below. VII. What questions can be asked related to disability status? When an accommodation is requested, a municipality can request information about the relevant disability for two reasons: to verify the existence of the disability and to determine if the accommodation is necessary. Joint Statement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Justice Department: Reasonable Accommodations under the Fair Housing Act (May 14, 2004), p. 18. The disability information must be kept confidential unless it is necessary to make the decision and/or required by law. Id. As you are likely aware, the Minnesota Open Meeting Law requires that any governing body must have all meetings open to the public. Minn. Stat. §§ 13D.01-13D.08. But a government entity also must not disclose data that is protected by the Minnesota Government Data Practices Act. Minn. Stat. §§ 13.02, 13.05. Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 7 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 In sum, a municipality may request information and supp orting documentation necessary to make an evaluation. Some of that information may then be shared in a public meeting, but the information must be limited to what is necessary to make the determination and not run afoul of the Minnesota Government Data Practices Act. VIII. Recommended questions to ask during the application process when an entity requests to increase the density of unrelated individuals Requested accommodation: 1. What is the requested accommodation? 2. Are you requesting an accommodation from a preestablished system or rule? If yes, what code provision or rule are you requesting an accommodation from? 3. What will be the maximum number of residents in the house now and in the future? o Please provide a map of where residents will be sleeping in the property. 4. Why are you requesting the stated accommodation? Residents: 5. Identify the claimed disability or disabilities. 6. State all of the criteria and other requirements for potential residents to move into the house. 7. What is the full application process to live in the house? 8. Provide a list of current residents, identified by random number, with o Date of sobriety o Date of move-in o Employment status (including school or volunteering) o Number of hours a week taken up by education, work, or volunteering o Number of recovery meetings attended each week o Any disciplinary issues o Stating if they have ever relapsed while living in the house 9. Are residents able to complete all major life activities (eating, seeing, reading, working, communicating, sleeping, walking, hearing, etc.)? o If not, please provide a list of residents (identified by the random number articulated in # 8) that are unable to complete a major life activity and identify the major life activity that the resident is unable to perform. Please state what evidence you have that they are unable to complete a major life activity. Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 8 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 10. Why is the accommodation needed? Why can the house not operate based on its current set up or limitations? o Provide all additional documentation (specifically learned treatises and peer reviewed studies) that state why the requested disability is necessary in lieu of the currently permitted operation. 11. If applicable, state why a less intense accommodation will not meet the stated need. 12. What services are provided by the house? If any, please list all services. Licensing of the property: 13. Is there an operator involved in the operation of the house? o Please state who and any relevant credentials. 14. Is the property licensed with any federal, state, or local agency? o If yes, explain. Financial support: 15. Does the house receive funding from any government agency? 16. Without the requested accommodation would the house be financially self - sufficient? o Please explain. 17. Does the house operate as a single financial entity or is each resident responsible for their own finances? 18. Is the house asking for additional funding from any government entity? Operation of the property: 19. How long do residents live in the house? Is there a requirement? What happens if someone does not meet that requirement? 20. If the house is already in operation how many total residents live in the house since it began operation and how many months ago did it begin operation? 21. How many residents currently live in the house? 22. How do new residents find the house? Does the house advertise? 23. Do residents have access to the entire house including the kitchen, common areas, bathrooms, and all bedrooms? 24. Do residents share common duties like cooking and cleaning? Please explain. 25. Is there a home operator? If so, how many other similar properties do they operate? What is the size of the other properties? 26. Do the residents make decisions in a democratic manner? If there is a home operator, what decisions are made by the residents versus the home operator? Honorable Mayor and City Council Members September 9, 2021 Page 9 DOCSOPEN\HP145\78\744148.v4-9/9/21 27. State all house rules or requirements for current residents. 28. Is there are written policy banning alcohol and controlled substance use and possession by house residents? Please provide a copy. 29. If there is a policy, please state the procedure that occurs when someone violates the policy. Are there ever any deviations from the policy? Impact of the property on other surrounding uses: 30. Describe the effect the house will have on the neighborhood and surrounding properties. 31. What is the maximum number of cars on the property? Provide a parking map. 32. Are guests allowed on the property? Are there any limitations? 33. What hours do residents work outside the home? Do any residents work the night shift? 34. Do the residents have any shared transportation method? Shared car or bicycle? Resident composition: 35. Are all current and future residents 18 or older? 36. Will the property be single gender? Explain. IX. Conclusion Local governments should be cognizant of their responsibilities under the ADA/FHA. It is recommended that municipalities create a reasonable accommodation process. That process should have the city staff make the first decision and then have an optional appeal to the City Council. The application process should be comprehensive and ask all of the potential information necessary to allow staff to make an informed decision. While this can be a thorny issue for municipalities to tackle, having the proper process can help prevent future litigation.