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Memo Design Issues Relating To Mainstreet• CITY OF HOPKINS 10:4u CO) ;#.I�I Dili Z DATE: July 11, 1991 TO: Mayor and City Council FROM: Lee Gustafson, Public Works Director SUBJECT: Design issues relating to Mainstreet At the June 25th and July 2nd City Council meetings, information was given to the City Council regarding Mainstreet design issues. The information contained brief summaries of certain design issues that needed clarification prior to commencement of the Mainstreet project. The design issues in question were tree location, brick paver design, 8th Avenue nodes, and the 9th Avenue Plaza. Is The attached memorandum from Dick . Koppy, attachment A, addresses each one of these issues in greater detail with the exception of the 9th Avenue plaza which will be addressed in a separate memorandum from Tom Harmening. Mr. Koppy's memorandum also addresses one issue not previously discussed with the City Council and that is the Mainstreet signing plan. Staff recently requested Mr. Koppy to prepare such a plan in order to insure that the signing blends in with the aesthetics of Mainstreet, and also that it reflects the concerns of the property owners and Public Works department staff. TREE LOCATIONS: When RLK staff met with the Mainstreet property owners earlier this year several people expressed concerns regarding the locations of the new trees. Staff therefore decided that it may be a good idea to once again review this design feature due to the number of comments received. In the attached memorandum two alternatives are discussed with respect to tree location. The first alternative is to leave the trees in the exact location shown on the plans. The second alternative would allow RLK the flexibility to move the trees up to 10 feet in either direction from the location indicated on the plans. Staff concurs with Mr. Koppy's recommendation to implement option two 'inasmuch as it will give the property owners some flexibility in the tree location while maintaining the aesthetic concept intended for Mainstreet. July 11, 1991 Page 2 L • BRICK PAVERS: Over the -past few months concerns have been raised regarding the use of brick pavers along the,sidewalks of Mainstreet. These comments were mainly with respect to material and installation techniques, safety of brick pavers and the patterns of the brick pavers. Staff once again felt that this was an item that should be reviewed prior to construction. Mr. Koppy addresses each one of these concerns in his memorandum and also briefly describes how the present "door marker" design was chosen. He furthermore addresses options that are presently available with respect to changing the design pattern for the brick paver. After reviewing this information staff concurs with Mr.'Koppy's recommendation that the proposed door marker design be continued unless there is an unusual design condition that would suggest otherwise. 8TH AVENUE INTERSECTION LAYOUTS: The concept of placing nodes on 8th Avenue similar to the intersection was a strong concern expressed by Dale Lommen, property owner of the Little Blind Spot, during RLV s property owner meetings. Staff felt that the concern submitted by Mr. Lommen justified reviewing this, design item and consequently requested RLK to determine if nodes could in ,fact be installed at the 8th Avenue intersection. The review performed by RLK for this intersection included operation of traffic signals, turning movements, bus operation, and overall traffic,that would be generated from the proposed theater development and the Ryan retail center project. The results of this review indicate that it is possible to install nodes on 8th Avenue without significantly impacting traffic movement. Furthermore, if at some future date traffic volumes, warrant the removal, of the nodes, the nodes can be removed without impacting adjacent features. Staff therefore concurs with Mr. Koppy's - recommendation that nodes be placed on 8th Avenue similar to the other Mainstreet intersections. SIGNING PLANS FOR MAINSTREET: signing plan is being prepare( blend in aesthetically with the that they reflect the concerns Public Works staff. A draft of to Council at the meeting.: The informational purposes only, no As mentioned earlier, the I to insure that the signs other improvements and also of the property owners and this plan will be handed-out plan is being presented for other action is required. • July 11"1991 Page 3 RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION 1. Motion authorizing the Mainstreet project manager the flexibility in moving the new trees 10 feet from either side of their proposed locations as outlined in the report contained herein. 2. Motion directing staff to proceed with the present brick - paver concept incorporating door markers as outlined in the report contained herein. 3. Motion directing staff to install nodes at the 8th Avenue intersection as indicated in Attachment A, Figure No. 9, alternative 2 of this report. 4. Motion directing staff to continue with the Mainstreet signing plan. UPDATE BY PROJECT MANAGER Dick Koppy will be handing out copies of work activity reports, incidental reports and a project budget station at the end of the Mainstreet discussion. Mr. Koppy would like to spend a few minutes discussion these items so Council is award of the procedures he is using on the project. 922 Mainstreet Hopkins, Mn. JR 55343 (612) 933 -0972 SSOCIATES LTD. fax: (612) 933 -1153 � /t MEMORANDUM I/W?C`IIVAI DATE: JULY 9, 1991 TO: LEE GUSTAFSON, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS FROM: DICK KOPPY, CONSTRUCTION MANAGER SUBJECT: COMMUNICATION ITEMS -- MAINSTREET PROJECT INTRODUCTION: At the July 2, 1991 City Council meeting, information on several items relating to the Mainstreet Construction project was transmitted to the City Council members. The items, listed below, relate to design and construction issues that are scheduled for the City Council review on July 16th. Within this memorandum each of these items is clarified, feasible alternatives based upon design considerations and economics are explored, and recommendations are noted. o Tree spacing /location with respect to storefront visibility o Brick paver design and safety aspects 0 8th Avenue intersection design, node placement o Informational and regulatory sign plate design 0 9th,Avenue Plaza, Clock Tower and Kiosk design and construction details TREE LOCATIONS: During the property owner meetings of May and June, 1991, several property owners expressed concerns about the design locations of the new street trees. Their interest focused upon the blockage of the business signs and /or the loss of visibility of their store fronts. Concerns were primarily related to Segment No. 3 between 5th and 11th Avenue where the business density and the tree spacing is higher. Segment No. 3 includes 8 trees per block compared with 5 to 6 trees per block in Segment No. 4, west of 11th Avenue to Shady Oak Road. Figure No. 1 shows the tree spacing between 8th and 9th Avenue. Two alternatives are suggested for further consideration. The first option is to leave the trees in the exact location as shown on the plans. This will maintain the design spacing that is approximately 60 feet. With the street light poles uniformly positioned in the area between the trees (see Figure No. 1), maintaining the tree spacing will preserve the anticipated esthetics. A second option that is suggested allows the movement of the trees up to 10 feet in either direction dependent upon the individual circumstances of the store front, sign location and other unique conditions such as awnings and store entrances. Under this option, design flexibility is allowed where necessary, yet the design intent is maintained. It is recommended that the second option be implemented with limited discretion granted the property owner and the construction manager. • Civil Engineering • Transportation • Infrastructure Redevelopment • Landscape Architecture • Construction Management Memorandum to Lee Gustafson, July 16th City Council items Page 2 The property owners that have expressed tree location concerns will be notified of the City Councils action, and the appropriate action will be taken on each Mainstreet property. BRICK PAVERS: Concerns have been expressed about the use of brick pavers in the sidewalk area of Mainstreet. The pavers are primarily located in the corner node areas between 5th Avenue and 20th Avenue. Figure No. 2 demonstrates the use of the pavers in one of the corner node areas. Additionally, they are proposed to be used in the 9th Street plaza and between 5th Avenue and 11th Avenue in front of building doorways as "door markers ". Figure No. 3 illustrates this design feature. During the winter of 1990 and 1991, the Design Review Committee (DRC) reviewed the use of brick pavers. Several alternatives were examined with respect to the type of brick pavers and the installation techniques. Some members of the DRC were concerned about snow and ice removal and the safety aspects. However, it was pointed out that concrete sidewalks would have nearly the same safety concerns. Design patterns on Mainstreet were reviewed closely by the DRC membership. Some of the options are shown on Figure Nos. 4 & 5. After considerable discussion, the brick paver use was decided to be included in the project design in a manner shown on Figure Nos. 3 and 6. There are three issues that are related to the use of brick pavers on Mainstreet. They are listed below and discussed thereafter: 1. Type of brick pavers and installation techniques 2. Safety of the brick pavers in front of building doorways 3. Patterns of the brick pavers to be used on Mainstreet There was a concern that the brick pavers did not have mortar joints such as the brick pavers that were installed in downtown Rochester. The brick pavers that are planned for Hopkins have a ' sandset joint and are similar in design to the brick pavers in front of City Hall near the flag pole plaza. The pavers with a sandset joint, on a compacted granular base when bordered by a concrete edge, is a cost - effective and low maintenance paving system. The pavers proposed on Mainstreet should be as maintenance free as a poured concrete sidewalk. The Rochester installation has been reviewed and according to the City Design Engineer the brick and mortar design does involve an on -going maintenance program. The rigid joints, setting bed and concrete base have variable expansion ratios in the freeze /thaw cycle and depending on location, repair of damaged sections occurs on a yearly basis. The City of Rochester is still experimenting with mortar and setting bed alternatives to alleviate this problem. Tim Erkkila of Westwood wrote a memorandum in May, 1991, on the safety aspects of the brick pavers in a winter seasonal condition. Memorandum to Lee Gustafson, July 16th City Council items Page His memorandum is attached to this report as Attachment ". Based upon Mr. Erkkila's conclusions, it is suggested that the brick pavers specified in the Mainstreet project are as adequate as any other construction material that could be used in a sidewalk location. It is important to mention that it would be difficult to change the materials at this time because the contracts were bid and awarded based upon the brick pavers specified in the Mainstreet plans and specifications. If desired, the design pattern demonstrated in Figure No. 3 could be changed. Alternatives to the Door Markers include using a lineal pattern perpendicular to the curbs and building face, or a lineal pattern parallel to the curbs connecting the nodes and the tree planters. These are shown on Figure No. 5. If either of the alternatives are accepted, there will be an additional cost. The table below indicates the three alternatives and the cost estimated per block for each. Door Markers, as planned $2,200 per block Brick bands perpendicular to curbs $5,000 per block Brick strip from corner to corner $7,000 per block It is recommended that the proposed door marker design be confirmed and that no changes on this item be made at this time. If the brick banding or the brick strip alternate were chosen, additional costs of $50,000 to 75,000 for the entire project would be necessary because of the increase in the volume of brick that would be used. Individual design of the door markers will be done with the consultation of the property owners. However, it is recommended that the door markers be used at all doorway locations to the Mainstreet buildings, unless there is an unusual design condition that would suggest otherwise. 8TH AVENUE INTERSECTION LAYOUT: Most of the intersections of Mainstreet between 5th Avenue and Shady Oak Road are planned to have nodes constructed. Only in those intersections with a high traffic condition such as 5th, 8th, 11th, and 17th Avenue, or where bus stops affect node layout, 7th Avenue, will the nodes be left out. Where they are constructed, the nodes will be on the opposite sides of the intersection of the approach traffic. Two lanes will be available for the approaching vehicles. However, only one lane will be available as vehicles leave the intersection. A typical intersection node layout is shown on Figure No. 7. Dale Lommen, property owner of the Little Blind Spot located on the north side of Mainstreet between 8th and 9th Avenue, has expressed a concern that all of the intersections of Mainstreet have nodes included. He is concerned that without the nodes, excessive speeds and drag racing of vehicles will ensue. His primary interest was for Memorandum to Lee Gustafson, July 16th City Council items Page 4 the intersection of 8th Avenue. However, he requested that the intersections of 11th Avenue and 17th Avenue be examined. The DRC examined the design of the nodes during their numerous sessions last winter and concluded the current design was the most fair for vehicle operation, pedestrians, and the esthetics of the streetscape. The members agreed that without the nodes, speeds of the vehicles could become a serious problem. Nodes were not recommended at 5th, 8th, 11th, and 17th Avenue because of traffic movement concerns. Level of Service (LOS) on Mainstreet was reviewed based upon operation of the traffic signals, turning movements, bus operations and overall traffic volumes of Mainstreet and the cross streets. Figure No. 8 includes a sketch of the overall Mainstreet layout with the major intersections and collector routes shown. Generally, the LOS is at a 'B' or 'C' level at all the intersections. If nodes are added at 5th, 8th, 11th and 17th Avenues, the LOS would be affected. Current and projected traffic at 11th and 17th Avenues minimize the attraction of the nodes at these locations. 5th Avenue is in the same category but it is also outside the project area. With nodes effecting the high turning movement activity, the LOS would be lowered to the 'D' level at 5th, 11th and 17th Avenues. A review of existing traffic at 8th Avenue would place it in a category where nodes could be placed. Adding in projected traffic from the proposed theater development project and the Ryan retail center project increases traffic to a condition where the node placement is borderline, i.e. the LOS is between 'C' and 'D'. It is difficult to predict exactly how traffic will operate on Mainstreet with these two developments. A share of the new traffic from both of the developments is already calculated as using Mainstreet because of the redevelopment nature of the new enterprises. However, there is little doubt traffic will increase on Mainstreet and 8th Avenue from the developments. There are two alternatives for the 8th Avenue intersection that are shown on Figure No. 9: (1) Use no nodes as per the existing design; or (2) Place nodes on opposite diagonal corners as per the design of the other intersections where nodes are to be placed. The nodes could be removed in the future if traffic becomes a serious congestion problem. It is recommended the nodes be placed as shown on Figure No. 9, alternative 2. INFORMATION AND REGULATORY PLAN FOR SIGNING OF MAINSTREET: The Mainstreet signing plan will incorporate all of the proposed regulatory, informational and directional signage necessary and proposed for Mainstreet between 5th Avenue and Shady Oak Road. The Memorandum to Lee Gustafson, July 16th City Council items Page 5 objective of the sign plan is to provide an informational, creative and easily recognizable signage system for the City of Hopkins. Specifically, issues to be achieved will be: - Reduce the clutter and number of sign locations - Creative /exciting design theme - Design theme tailored to Hopkins - Cost effective in materials /maintenance - Conform to necessary codes and regulations The sign plan base map will be drawn at 40 scale with the proposed curb line, trees, light locations and building facades identified. Alternative design schemes for the individual signs will be presented to staff for comment and input. The final product of the Comprehensive Sign Plan will identify a Hopkins standard for color, size, pole, and location for all signage on Mainstreet. A draft of this plan will be discussed at the Council work session prior to the City Council meeting. PLAZA DESIGN DETAILS INCLUDING THE CLOCK TOWER AND KIOSK: The reader is referred to the Memorandum dated July 2, 1991 from Tom Harmening to the City Council on the Clock Tower -- Plaza subject. The concern of the construction manager is the coordination of the clock tower /kiosk work activities with the construction of the plaza scheduled for September and October, 1991. Mr. Harmening has detailed the coordination process in his memorandum. Figure #1: Tree and street light pole locations between 8th and 9th Avenue Figure #2: Brick pavers used in a corner node area. Figure #3: Brick pavers used in door marker locations on a typical block (plan view) Figure #4: Alternative paver design (plan view) Figure #5: Alternative paver design; Entire block Figure #6: 3D view of the brick pavers along Mainstreet. Figure #7: Typical intersection design showing the node placement. Memorandum to Lee Gustafson, July 16th City Council items Figure #8: Mainstreet Layout • Figure #9: 8th Avenue node design, with and without nodes. Page 6 Attachment: Erkkila's memorandum on the safety aspects of the " " brick pavers during the winter season. 1`..J is 0 a Q = OTE 1 UGHT POLE YP.) Z 7 -W� I-SUWW GnE ASH i -W_ F*TE ASK f 1_H RR� Q) 6 SEE[ ,Y . ♦ * m ♦ _ ♦ ♦ N n n CD 4 a s It a a v a v in EN ASH / i -WHITE ASH 1- SUMMIT GR 1 1 CKB RRY rl -- SEE NC r RLK TREE & STREET LIGHT POLE LOCATIONS 8TH AVENUE TO 9TH AVENUE FIGURE #1 ASSOCIATES, LTD is 0 RESTORE OISRJRBEO AREA ; MATCH INTO EXISTING COIN "OHS ` (SOD. CONCRE It. ETC ) OUTER WEDGE OF HERRINGBONE PATTERN CONCRETE PAVERS 10 BE PERPENDICULAR ANO PARALLEL W1T1/ SIDE STREET CURB EDGE OF CONCRETE PAVERS ON CORNERS WEST OF 12TI1 AVENUE SEE BLOCK PLANS FOR VARIATIONS. BUILDING FACADE. R 0 W LINE OR EDGE OF SIDEWALK - SEE INDIVIDUAL BLOCK PLANS — HERRINGBONE PATTERN CONCRETE PAVERS INSIDE RADR TO BE PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL WITH MAIN STREET. AFTER CONCRETE PAVERS ARE LAID. FILL IN REMAINING AREA WTIH CONCRETE SIDEWALK - 3' SCORELINE ONO TO BE CON TINUOUS. CONCRETE S.DE WALK 1 RESTORE DISTURBED AREA MATCH INTO EXISTING CONDITIONS (SOD, CONCRETE. ETC ) OUTER WEDGE. OF HERRINGBONE EDGE OF CONCTIEIE PAVEITS ON CORNERS _ PAIIFRN CONCRFIF PAVERS TO WEST OF 12TH AVENUE SEE BLOCK PLANS BE PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL FOR VARIATIONS. WI 111 SIDE STREET CURB BVILDING FACADE. R.O.W. LINE OR EDGE OF SIDEWALK — SEE BLOCK PLANS AFTER CONCRETE PAVERS ARE LAID, FILL IN REMAINING AREA WITH CONCRETE SIDEWALK — 3' SCORE LINE GRID TO BE CONTINUOUS. HERRINGBONE PATTERN CONCRETE PAVERS INSIDE ARC TO BE PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL WITII MAIN STREET. --, TE PEDESTRIAN CURB RAMP — SEE MNDOT PLATE 17036 C PEDESTRIAN CURB RAMP - SEE MNOOT PLATE F7036 C OUTER WEDGE OF HERRINGBONE �� CONCRETE PAVERS TO BE X 38' - 40' WIDE ARC OF SOLDIER COURSE B CM T1RCK PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL CONCRETE PAVERS 4'X 6' OR LARGER. TO MAIN STREET .q SOLDIER COURSES 9'X 6' S SOLDIER COURSES OF 4'X 8" 6 SOLDIER COURSES OF 6 "X 6" CONCRETE PAVER PATTERN - EXTENDED NODE RLK ASSOCIATES, LTD. / 36" — 40" WIDE ARC OF SOLDIER COURSE 8 CM THICK CONCRETE PAVERS 4 "X 8" OR LARGER. OUTER WEDGE OF HERRINGBONE eq 4 SOLDIER COURSES 9 "X 6" CONCRETE PAVERS TO BE 5 SOLDIER COURSES OF 8 "X 4" PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL 6 SOLDIER COURSES OF 6 "X 6" TO MAIN STREET. CONCRETE PAVER PATTERN BRICK PAVERS IN CORNER NODE AREA I FIGURE #2 i-WHITE ASH I-SUMMIT GREEN ASH t ■I /a ■ ■ ■ ■ ■1iiii:iiiit■■iiiiiiiiiiI■■MEME Ins 1 ■ ■ ■Vi ■ ■ %n ■ ■i� ■■ ■■■■■■ ■1!� ■ ■tcn ■ ■� ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■� ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■N. ■■ ull■ 2 ' 0 m N - SUM91AfT GI t o co 4 w $ SEE B.DcK PLANS MIN 6' LENGTH IS ALWAYS A MULTIPLE OF 3' i s SOLDIER COURSE CONCRETE PAVERS. i S MINIMUM 4'X B'. - II HERRINGBONE PATTERN OF 4'X 0' CONCRETE PAVERS. ENTRY 0 GENERALLY MATCH CENTER OF DOOR MAT WITH ENTRY OPENING FITTING WITHIN CONCRETE SIDEWALK SCOREtlNES EXCEPT WHERE SHOWN OTHERWISE ON BLOCK PLANS CONCRETE PAVER PATTERN - DOORMAT RLK BRICK PAVERS IN DOOR MARKER LOCATIONS FIGURE #3 ASSOCIATES, LTD TYPICAL BLOCK • • i • • i • U• t 4AINSTREET IMPROVEMENT PRO ♦������ �aw IN rN� yya ��������►11 RLK ASSOCIATES. LTD. • o'' 1 1 � i ■ ■ i:i °■ iwon on ■ o ■� i■° n o now u ■ ■ ��� ■ iii ::� ■■ MO:: an ■ n■■ ■t ■� o :w N i its ■ ■■■ ■o■ iei'� ■■■ w ■■ ■■ ■■ n� � iii • tr e �z tu a ■� : ��: a■ ■■ �� �� ■� ■ :i • C :z / ■ ■. .. ■. =� Ie �■ I_ ; � . I G■ w RLK ALTERNATIVE PAVER DESIGNS ASS o'' RLK BRICK PAVERS ASSOCIATES, LTD. ALONG MAINSTREETE #s i fW ill Iti a) + + (D (D . ..... 4d, Ln 04 .......... . . ..... . cm i�lo 1-HACKBERRY I-G /1-HACKBERRY RLK z SHOWING NODE PLACEMENT ASSOCIATM, LTD. 1-HACKBERRY ill Iti a) + + (D (D . ..... 4d, Ln 04 .......... . . ..... . cm i�lo 1-HACKBERRY I-G /1-HACKBERRY RLK TYPICAL INTERSECTION DESIGN SHOWING NODE PLACEMENT ASSOCIATM, LTD. J LJ L 3rjdl sT I U •l n• J UU� w LL; M z Ll > z z z Z a w z 4 a � L]' a 2nd ST. N. L]nd S T. N• z w � a a La x I s l S T, N. C 121 ` 40 ► � +�+ +w t MAINSTREETv vi E` vi vi s vi vi W vi co :z w tli ui tai < a a Isl ST a Isl t k;, T vi n in W Cenlrol r S• N :E ll - ------ --- a Pork 2nd RLK MAJOR INTERSECTIONS /COLLECTOR ROUTES ASSOCIATES. LTD. FIGURE #8 W - Z W a �o SEE NOTE 2(TYP.) EXISTING TREE W D W a SEE NOTE 2(T` EXISTING NG TREF F err -- = ALTERNATIVE 2 ALTERNATIVE 1 - i i 1- HACKBERR` 8TH AVENUE NUDE DESIGN FIGURE #9 WITH AND WITHOUT NODES LTD. �J • Westwood Professional Services, Inc. ATTACF I IEW #;' O PAGE 1 OF 2 X X X O R A N D U M To: Dick Koppy From: Tim Erkkila /Randy Goertzen Date: May 13, 1991 Re: Comparison of "Pavers" to Standard Concrete Sidewalks 14180 Trunk Hwy. 5 Eden Prairie, MN 55344 612- 937 -5150 FAX 612.937 -5822 This is in regard to your inquiry for information on the basic safety of using precast concrete pavers in the downtown sidewalk. Generally, there are a lot of misconceptions about this which were caused by the previous misuse of "bricks" or "tile" (which we aren't using, vs. precast concrete pavers, which we are using). Westwood has researched this topic and provides the following information. The National Concrete Masonry Association has endorsed an article entitled Design and Construction of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements by B. Shackel which states, "Block pavements have been shown to maintain satisfactory levels of skid resistance in service. The skid resistance tends to be equal to that associated with grooved rigid pavements and usually equals or exceeds that associated with asphaltic surfaces." Westwood has interpreted "grooved rigid pavements" to mean an outdoor concrete surface with control and construction joints and "asphaltic surfaces" to mean an outdoor bituminous surface. Also included in the National Concrete Masonry Association's (NCMA) technical specification data (May 1989) for interlocking concrete pavers is a reference to snow removal characteristics of pavers. The NCMA states, "Snow is removed as with any other pavement. The high strength and density of pavers enables them to resist deicing salts better than conventional asphalt or concrete paving." Westwood understands that north- facing buildings in a downtown will typically experience more problems with snow removal and ice buildup than south - facing buildings. However, given the aforementioned data from the NCMA, Westwood does not anticipate that interlocking concrete pavers will contribute to this problem and that they in fact may help alleviate a portion of this concern by the property owners. If the product was inherently inferior for its intended use, we would expect it would be removed from the market. As this has not occurred, we are not aware of any serious problem with this material. In summary, our experience seems to be supported by the industry; precast concrete pavers, properly installed and maintained, should perform as well as a standard concrete sidewalk Attachment cc: Tom Harmening Lee Gustafson Wesiwoee irel -al Semces. Inc s an mal ""nun" emelimr MAY 09 s: N C M A ATTACHMENT #5 75; P02 PAGE 2 OF 2 T �� G.`Q � 2 a�i.c, - fC. � ✓C rs7 G r��s '' ,f� , s�7� C �/� 140 Surface characteristics In the case of the surface characteristics of blocc pavements the following conclusions may be drawn: a) Block pavements exhibit much higher luminance factors under both daylight and artificial light than bituminous surtacea. b) Based on objective measurements block pavements give lower standards of riding quality than asphalt pavements. The riding quality, however, tends to improve under traffic. At speeds below about 70 km /h surveys of road users indicate that blocs pavements are perceived to provide a ride quality equal to that of alternative types of road surface. C) Block pavements have been shown to maintain satisfactory Levels of skid resistance In service. The skid resistance tends to be equal to that associated with grooved rigid pavements and usually equals or exceeds that associated with asphaltic surfaces. d) The traffic noise associated with block pavements !s similar to or less than that associated with asphalt pavements where the surfaces are dry. However, in wet conditions, block pavements have been reported to be quieter overall than asphalt surfaces. e3 In the long term block pavements become effectively impermeable. However, some water infiltration may occur, especially in the early life of the pavement. • Stn+etural Characteristics Under traffic, block pavements exhibit the following characteristics: a) The block layer is not merely a decorative wearing surface but often represents the principalloadbearing course. b) For a given thickness of pavernernt and a given traffic volume block pavements usually exhibit smaller deformations than asphalt surfaced pavements. c -) Block pavements can routinely tolerate much greater recoverable deflections than those acceptable in asphalt pavemenu. d) Block pavements tend to stiffen under traffic and may rapidly attain an equilibrium, lockup condition. once lockup is achieved the pavement has a greatly reduced sensitivity to changes In either the magnitudes or the numbers of repetitions of the traffic loads. e) The performance of a block pavement depends an both the shape and laying pattern of the blocks. Generally, dentated blocks laid In herringbone pattern are associated with the best levels of performance. - - w. arn n* ra inflt]enced b y the thickness a both